My Emami Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Just a few ornamental words are not enough to pen down my feelings towards those eminent personalities who have lend their precious time, advice, & helping hands for the successful completion of my B. Pharm. Project. It is my pleasure to acknowledge them & their contribution.

First & foremost I would take the privilege to express my feelings through a humble prayers as a mark of respect for Prof. B.K. Gupta, Dr. N.C. Chaklanobish, Dr. Neene Sharma, Mr. Amitava Das, my industrial guide, who are giving me a opportunity to undergo a training at ‘Research & Development’ & ‘Production Department’ unit of the esteemed company Emami Ltd.. Their immense cognizance in the field of pharmaceutical have always ignited my zeal to pursue my work with strong determination & perseverance. Their timely criticism has served to evacuate my mistakes & thus led to materialization.

I express my immense gratitude to my college principal Prof. J.N. Pandey for providing me a chance to work in such an esteemed industry, Emami Ltd.. His suggestions both in technical & non-technical field have showed me new horizon to do something new in the industrial field.

I want to express my sincere gratitude to the company Emami Ltd. For permitting me to work in their esteemed R&D unit. I also express my thanks to Mr. Sukhendu Bikash Mondal who have always ignited me to speedup my work so that I am able to complete work within the stipulated time & every possible helps for completion of my project work.

I take great privilege to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Milindo Bhattacharya for his dedicated co-operation & support for completion of my project work.

I offer handful of thanks for assistance to Mr. Goutam Ganguli, Mr. Naba Kumar Dutta, Ms. Payel Mukharjee, Ms. Swapna Prasad inside the R&D unit; Ms. Mohua Roychowdhari, Ms. Somali Dey, Mr. Suman Sasmal, Ms. Nupur Banik inside the Q.C. unit; Mr. Prabir Aich, Mr. Tapan Porey, Mr. Shankar Gon, Mr. Sudipta , inside the Production unit; & a special thanks to Mr. Swapan Mishra.
Now it’s the time to look at my college ‘Bengal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences’ for providing me the chance for industrial exposure. I also thank with handful of roses to the teaching & non-teaching staffs for their educational & technical support.

I have no words to express my thanks to my most beloved parents for their continuous support & love.

I feel honored to acknowledge the vigilant support provide by my friend Satadru Palbag from the initial juncture to the final submission of my project.

At last, time has arrived to worship the eternal savior of mankind for his blessing & support & to accommodate my thesis at his lotus feet.

Any omission of names is due to inadequate remembrance or availability of space is highly regretted.


PREFACE
Navaratna oil, Boro plus, Lalima, Fast Relief, Sona Chandi Chwanprash are some products of many wonderful formulations of ‘Emami Ltd.’ It is not happened in just one day. In 1974 Mr.R.S.Agarwal & Mr.R.S.Goenka, two ordinary man give up their jobs in ‘Aditya Birla Group’ & started ‘Group Emami’ with a some of rupee 20000. After some year they take over ‘Himani Ltd.’ make producing the products of ‘Himani Ltd.’
Then they started to enjoy a big profit in their business. At 2008 they take over ‘Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd.’
The group has also business interest in the field of Paper & newsprint, ball pen tips, hospital, bio diesel, edible oil, cement, real estate, & retail.
In hospital business they grow a lot. The AMRI hospital in Kolkata is one of the biggest hospital in Kolkata.
In construction field their jobs will remembering for a 100s of years. The ‘South City’ project in Kolkata is now the highest building & biggest shopping mall in Kolkata.
They also invest 500cr. In Jatropa plantation project in Oromia in Ethiopia in East Africa.
Emami Biotech currently operates an integrated plant at Haldia in West Bengal with a capacity to produce 1800 tonnes of edible oil per day & 300 tonnes of bio-diesel from palm oil.
So, Emami is the company who brings about a huge business field not only in India but also in abroad. And the Emami is a Kolkata based company, so, we have to be proud of emami.


CONTENT
1. Liquid dosage form
i. Internal
a) Himani Lalima Syrup
b) Himani Femi plus Syrup
ii. External
a) Navaratna oil

2. Churna
i. Good Morning Laxetive Churna

3. Capsule
i. Femi plus Capsule

4. Cream
i. Boro plus
ii. Fast Relief

5. TLC Profile of Boroplus.

6. Conclusion


LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
Liquid dosage form may be meant for internal or external administration. A true solution should be clean homogeneous liquid.

Internal:Those which are used for internal purposes are called syrup. It is obtain by 65 % sugar solution.There are mainly 4 types of Sugar Solutions (Syrup) or meant for internal use manufactured by Emami ltd. These are as follows.
 Himani Lalima Syrup
 Himani Femi Plus Syrup
 Himani Memo Plus Syrup
 Himani Sardija Syrup

Himani Lalima Syrup: Himani Lalima is a blood & skin purifier.

Ingredients: Each 5ml contains
 Triphala (150mg) -> Improves blood circulation & provides nourishment.
 Anantamool (150mg) -> Purifies the blood naturally.
 Katuki (60mg) -> Purifies the blood naturally.
 Manjistha (75mg) -> Purifies the blood naturally.
 Haridra (150mg) -> For a fair complexion & glowing skin.
 Kesar (1mg), Vit E -> For a fair complexion & glowing skin.
 Guduchi (75mg) -> Clearers acne, pimples.
 Manjistha (75mg) -> Cleares acne, pimples.
 Nimba (75mg) -> Cures boils, blemishes, & rashes.
 Bhringharaj (75mg) -> Cures boils, blemishes, & rashes.
 Honey (0.1ml w/v) -> Rejuvates the skin.
 Chirata (60mg) ->
 Godhumankar Tel (Wheat Germ Oil) (5mg) ->
 Flavored Sugar Syrup base
 Preservatives (Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Sod. Benzoate) -> q.s
 Suagr
 Citric acid
 Tween 80
 Spearmint oil
 Menthol
 Camphor
 DM water

Process:
Ensure that all the ingd. equipment & accessories used in the mfg. are cleaned properly.
↓
Preparation of decoction of all herbs. All herbs are cleaned properly.
↓
Take the decoction of herbs to boiling tank & then add sugar to the tank( 700kg sugar for 1lt. decoction). Boil for 3-4 hrs.
↓
Then take the all matter to the mixing tank. Then add Methyl paraben, Propyl paraben, Sod. Benzoate, Flavor, Mint in interval of 25mins in each.
↓
After some time of mixing the final product is supplied to the storage tank.

Filling & Packing:
Empty container is taken
↓
Place the container on the stand & syrup is filled by machine.
↓
Cap is properly sealed
↓
Now the bottles are poured into the packets.
↓
Then these container are going through conveyer belt
↓
Then batch no. etc are printed

SOPs for Himani Lalima Syrup:
1. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for cleaning of decoction storage tank.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to the decoction storage tank in syrup manufacturing area.
Procedure -> At the end of the day
i) Ensure that these is no decoction in the tank.
ii) Close the decoction transfer valve.
iii) Open the drain valve.
iv) Wash thoroughly with stream of plain water, till the drained water is clear.
v) Place a clean tag on the tank.

2. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for cleaning of sparkle filter in syrup manufacturing facility.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to the sparkle filter in the syrup manufacturing facility.
Procedure ->
i) Close inlet & outlet valve of the sparkle filter.
ii) Drain out the hold up syrup.
iii) Discard the used filter papers.
iv) Take out the filter dishes.
v) Wash thoroughly with plain water.
vi) Rewash thoroughly with DM water.
vii) Visually check for any remaining debris & clean if any.
viii) Wipe dry the disk & inside of filter with clean, white cotton cloth, soaked in 70% IPA solution.
ix) Take new filter papers & fit them in the dishes.
x) Assemble the filter assembly.
xi) Affix ‘CLEANED’ tag on the equipment.

3. Objective -> to lay down a procedure for manufacturing of Himani Lalima Syrup.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to syrup manufacturing.
Procedure ->
Step-1- Cleaned & chapped herbs are weighted as per batch card & taken jacked decoction pan. Req. qt. of water is added to it & boiled at 100°c - 110°c for about 3.5hrs (from starting to end) till TDS attains the value of 1.5%-2.5 %. It is kept for the 10-12 hrs. preferably for overnight. This ext. is collected & its vol. is measured to be 300lt. – 350lt. It is then filtered thoroughly filter cloth (100#) & stored in clean SS decoction storage vessel for the next step.
Step-2- Hot DM water is taken & to it formula qt. of Keshar is added & mixed by mixer to form paste.
Step-3- Aq. herbal ext. is transferred to the steam jacked sugar syrup pan. Now 700kg of sugar is added along with formula qt. of citric acid. This is boiled to 100°c-110°c under 2-3kg/cm² steam pressure with agitation. Then Sod. Benzoate & Methyl paraben & Methyl paraben is added to it. The syrup is prepared with final vol. 1lt.
Step-4- 1kg of wheat germ oil & 2kg of Tween 80 are taken in a SS container & stir properly for 30 mins.
Step-5- The sugar syrup is cooled by passing chilled water. Temperature is maintained at 45°c - 50°c. Now mix from step-4 is added. Then the mixture from step-2 is added. Menthol, Camphor, Spearmint Oil, & Honey is added. Mixing is continued for 30mins with slow stirring. Then the final syrup is passed through online sparkle filters. The finished pdt. Is transfer to the SS storage tank. Finally batch for the finished pdt. specification is cheeked & samples send to QC for analysis.



Femi Plus Syrup:
It is a liquid dosage form meant for internal use. It is an Ayurvedic female uterine tonic which helps to overcome cramps. Femi plus nourishes whole body & acts as female tonic. It rejuvenates female reproduction system thus acts as uterine tonic.
Ingredients: Each 5ml contains
 Lodhana -> 70mg
 Yastimadhu -> 62.5mg
 Ghritkumari -> 83mg
 Ashoka -> 70mg
 Satavari -> 60mg
 Apple juice -> 20mg
 Punarnava -> 70mg
 Jeevanti -> 83mg
 Nagkesar -> 60mg
 Svet Chandan -> 60mg
 Dasamool -> 60mg
 Rasna -> 60mg
 Triphala -> 40mg
 Devdaru -> 40mg
 Guduchi -> 20mg
 Hirabol -> 10mg
 Godhumonkar tel -> 5mg
Indication:
 Anti-cramps formula -> Dasamool, Devdaru & Rasna -> Useful in Cramps, pain & relieves stress.
 Diuretic properties -> Punarnava -> Relieves Micturation.
 Glowing Skin Action -> Vit E -> Improves Complexion.
 Haemateric properties -> Apple juice -> Provide Iron & energy.
 Flavored sugar syrup base.
 Preservatives -> Sod. Benzoate, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben.





Process:Ensure that all the ingd., equipment & accessories used in the mfg. are cleaned properly.
↓
Preparation of decoction of all herbs. All herbs are cleaned properly.
↓
Take the decoction of herbs to boiling tank & then add sugar to the tank( 700kg sugar for 1lt. decoction). Boil for 3-4 hrs.
↓
Then take the all matter to the mixing tank. Then add Methyl paraben, Propyl paraben, Sod. Benzoate, Flavor, Mint in interval of 25mins in each.
↓
After some time of mixing the final product is supplied to the storage tank.

Filling & Packing:
Empty container is taken
↓
Place the container on the stand & syrup is filled by machine.
↓
Cap is properly sealed
↓
Now the bottles are poured into the packets.
↓
Then these container are going through conveyer belt
↓
Then batch no. etc are printed

SOPs for Himani Lalima Syrup:
1. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for cleaning of decoction storage tank.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to the decoction storage tank in syrup manufacturing area.
Procedure -> At the end of the day
i) Ensure that these is no decoction in the tank.
ii) Close the decoction transfer valve.
iii) Open the drain valve.
iv) Wash thoroughly with stream of plain water, till the drained water is clear.
v) Place a clean tag on the tank.

2. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for cleaning of sparkle filter in syrup manufacturing facility.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to the sparkle filter in the syrup manufacturing facility.
Procedure ->
i) Close inlet & outlet valve of the sparkle filter.
ii) Drain out the hold up syrup.
iii) Discard the used filter papers.
iv) Take out the filter dishes.
v) Wash thoroughly with plain water.
vi) Rewash thoroughly with DM water.
vii) Visually check for any remaining debris & clean if any.
viii) Wipe dry the disk & inside of filter with clean, white cotton cloth, soaked in 70% IPA solution.
ix) Take new filter papers & fit them in the dishes.
x) Assemble the filter assembly.
xi) Affix ‘CLEANED’ tag on the equipment.

3. Objective -> to lay down a procedure for manufacturing of Himani Lalima Syrup.
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to syrup manufacturing.
Procedure ->
Step-1- Cleaned & chapped herbs are weighted as per batch card & taken jacked decoction pan. Req. qt. of water is added to it & boiled at 100°c - 110°c for about 3.5hrs (from starting to end) till TDS attains the value of 1.5%-2.5 %. It is kept for the 10-12 hrs. preferably for overnight. This ext. is collected & its vol. is measured to be 300lt. – 350lt. It is then filtered thoroughly filter cloth (100#) & stored in clean SS decoction storage vessel for the next step.
Step-3- Aq. herbal ext. is transferred to the steam jacked sugar syrup pan. Now 700kg of sugar is added along with formula qt. of citric acid. This is boiled to 100°c-110°c under 2-3kg/cm² steam pressure with agitation. Then Sod. Benzoate & Methyl paraben & Methyl paraben is added to it. The syrup is prepared with final vol. 1lt.
Step-4- 1kg of wheat germ oil & 2kg of Tween 80 are taken in a SS container & stir properly for 30 mins.
Step-5- The sugar syrup is cooled by passing chilled water. Temperature is maintained at 45°c - 50°c. Now mix from step-4 is added. Then the mixture from step-2 is added. Menthol, Camphor, Spearmint Oil, & Honey is added. Mixing is continued for 30mins with slow stirring. Then the final syrup is passed through online sparkle filters. The finished pdt. Is transfer to the SS storage tank. Finally batch for the finished pdt. specification is cheeked & samples send to QC for analysis.



External
Those which are used for external purposes.

NAVARATNA OIL
It is a liquid dosage form meant for external use. It is a cool ayurvedic oil. It gives relief from stress & its symptoms like headache, tension, fatigue, & insomnia. It also reduces premature graying or hair fall.

Ingredients Brhami
 Amla
 Benamool
 Kesut
 Sailaj
 Kapur Kachari
 Ushir
 Lata Kasturi
 Gunja(Lalkunja)
 Aloe Vera
 L.L.P.

Raw material in sequel form
Preblend-1: Amla dry, Benamool, Brahmi, Kapoor kachari, Kesut, Lal kunch, Latakasturi, Shailaja, Til oil (Base).
Preblend-2: Tea tree oil, Pachauli oil, Yalng Yalng oil, Rosemary oil.
Preblend-3: Pudina ka oil, Pudina ka tel, Karpoor.
Preblend-4: COS oil tony red, COS oil qunizarine green, Light liquid paraffin.
Preblend-5: Til oil, Butyl hydroxyl toluene, Liquid paraffin.
Preblend-6: Perfume.

ProcessLine Clearance
↓
Herbal decoction in til oil
↓
Preparation of color solution in 10kg LLP
↓
Preparation of essential mixture, tea tree oil, Pachuli oil, Yalng Yalng oil, Pudina ka phool
↓
Final mixing- Til oil, LLP, BHT, herbal decoction, color solution, essential oil
↓
Material passed through the filter press

Filling & Packing:
Empty container is taken
↓
Place the container on the stand & oil is filled by machine.
↓
Cap is properly sealed
↓
Now the bottles are poured into the packets.
↓
Then these container are going through conveyer belt
↓
Then batch no. etc are printed

SOPs for Himani Navaratna Oil:
1. Objective: To lay down a procedure for manufacture of Navaratna Oil.
Scope: This procedure is applicable to the oil manufacture unit.
Procedure:
Stage-1: Weight quantity of cleaned herbs are cut into small pieces. 60 kgs of Til oil is taken in a suitable SS vessel & heated with constant stirring upto 80-90°c. Heating is stopped. The chapped herbs are next added to the oil. The total rate is left as such in a loosely covered condition for about 8-10hrs.
The liquid is filtered through 100# Nylon cloth into a cleaned SS vessel. Residual herbs are squeezed, so as to recover the soaked oil. The recovered oil is added to the filtrate. The vol is made upto 60kgs by adding required amount of refined til oil.
Stage-2: weighed quantity of color COS oil tony red, COS oil quinizarine green are wt. accurately & dissolve into a portion of LLP. The mixture is heated upto 80-85°c for effective dispersion of color. The color solution is stored in a fine nylon cloth. In case of any residual undispersed color particles, the same operation of dispersing in hot oil is repeated.
Stage-3: Formula quantity of Pudina Tel, Pudina ka Phool, Karpoor, Teatree oil, Pachauli oil, Rosemary oil, Yalng Yalnh oil taken mixed together in a SS vessel.
Stage-4: Formula quantity of Til oil, Rice bram oil, BHT are wt. & transfer to SS vessel provided with switable high speed Reni type stirrer. The stirrer is switched on. The stored oil based herbal mixture, color mix, & essential oil mix is mixed continue for about 1.5hr.
The entire mix is strained through a sparkler filter. The filtered oil stored in a SS vessel. The oil is next sent to the lab for analysis.

2. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning of oil manufacture unit.
Scope: This procedure is applicable to the oil manufacture unit.
Procedure:
i) Drain out pdt. from system.
ii) Dismantle the strainer, press filter, sparkler filter from line.
iii) Manually scrolls the inner mall of the mixing vessel & intermediate storage tank, stirrer surface, strainer walls, plates & filter press plates with lint free cloth.
iv) Ensure zero residues of sediments.
v) Assemble the disintegrated parts of the strainer & filter press without cloth & put them on line.
vi) Splash the inner wall of the mixing vessel with about 40lt. of LLP run the LLP through the entire system of strainer & filter press.
vii) Drain out the entire rinsed LLP.
viii) Splash the inner wall of the intermediate storage tank with about 10lt of LLP & drain out the rinsed LLP.
ix) Repeat steps 5-7 in case smell of previous pdt.
x) Fix clean & fresh filter cloth.
xi) Place “CLEAN” tag on the unit.

3. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning of oil filling machine.
Scope: This procedure is applicable to the oil filling machine.
Procedure:
i) Close the inlet valve to the filling buffer tank.
ii) Drain out pdt. from system.
iii) Take about 400lt of LLP is storage tank.
iv) Pass the LLP through all the interconnected vessel & the pipeline till the storage tank.
v) Ensure through mixing.
vi) Drain out LLP from system.
vii) Ensure that no LLP is in the loops & byepass.
viii) Dismantle parts of the sparkler filter including the filter plates.
ix) Wipe all parts of sparkle filter cloth in the filter press.
x) Close the vessels.
xi) Fix clean & fresh filter cloth in the filter press.
xii) Place “CLEAN” tag on the unit.




CHURNA or POWDER
Churna is fine dry powder or a drug or drugs. It is macerated without any liquid. Churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to homogeneity.
Powder are the solid dosage form of medicament which are meant for internal & external use.
Product:
 Good Morning Laxative Churna (Ayurvedic).
 Talc.




GOOD MORNING LAXATIVE CHURNA
It is a break through two action formulation Himani Ayurvedic Science Foundation. Its time tested herbs provide effective relief from Constipation. Special AYUR VM10 aids digestion, protects our system & rejuvate us to keep feeling fresh all day. Clinically proven to provide sure relief even in chronic cases.
Formulated by Pad. Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi & Kaviraj Hari Shankar Sharma (former Dean, Gujrat Ayurvedic University, Jamnagar).

Ingredient:
 Mridurechani -> Laxative, Corrects the body system.
 Ajwayan -> Digestive, Carminative, Anti-flatulence, & useful in various Gastric problems.
 Haritaki -> Useful in Dysentery, Constipation.
 Indrayan -> Protects from cough & Cold, Gas.
 Sunthi -> Highly effective for curing Cough, Rheumatism & Constipation.
 Mint flower
 Spearmint oil
 Saindav lavan
 Eranda oil
 Surasor
 Pudina ka phool
 Propyl paraben
 Methyl paraben
 Sodium benzoate

Process:
Ensure that all the ingd. equipment & accessories used in the mfg. are cleaned properly.
↓
Preparation of powder of ingredients. All ingredient clean & grinded individually & sieve through 60# snafu is grinded & pass through 24#.
↓
Wt. accurately the required qty of the mint flower & spearmint oil & mix well in SS vessel.
↓
Required qty of Eranda oil, Surasar, Pudina ka Phool, Propyl paraben, Flower mixture, & Methyl paraben are mixed together manually in suitable SS container & keep aside.
↓
Req qty of herbal pdt, Saindava lavana, & Sod benzoate are mixed well & sieved the same through 14# sieve to ensure homogeneous mixing. The mixture should be used on that day.
↓
Add slowly the mixture obtained from step 4 into the main mixture & add well.
↓
Add flavor mixture into it & continue mixing for 40-45 mins. Then sieved the finished products 24# sieve & stored properly in closed container with proper level.

FILLING & SEALING:Empty container is taken
↓
Place the container on the stand & powder is filled by machine.
↓
Cap is properly sealed
↓
Then these container are going through conveyer belt
↓
Then batch no. etc are printed
Indication: For relief from chronic constipation & associated symptoms of flatulence, nausea, acidity, & indigestion. Eases bowel movement in painful conditions of piles & fissures.

SOPs for GOOD MORNING LAXATIVE CHURNA:1. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for line clearance of filling &packing operation.
Scope -> This SOP is applicable to filling & packing area.
Procedure ->
i) Check the area for cleanliness.
ii) Check for any residual material of previous batch like coded PM, non specified PM, diff. variant of finished goods, finished goods of other batch etc.
iii) Check the humidity & temperature.
iv) Check coding, fill vol./wt.
v) If adjustment M/C adjustment are done, discard the trial packs.
vi) Place a tag bearing the pdt name, batch no.
vii) If everything is as per norms allow packing/ filling operation.
viii) Don’t allow persons suffering from infections disease in the filling packing area.
ix) Record the line cleaned procedure in specified format & get it countersigned by the production supervisor.

2. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for manufacturing of Good Morning Laxative Churna (GMLC).
Scope -> This procedure is applicable to GMLC dept.
Procedure ->
Materials Used:
 Sonamukti
 Ajwayana
 Indrayan
 Haritaki
 Sunthi
 Saindhava lavana
 Eranda oil
 Menthol
 Methyl paraben
 Sodium Benzoate
 Flavour(mint)
 Spearmint oil
Step-1: Formula qt. of grinded herbs are sieved through 60 mesh & mixed manually. Then herbs are dried to a moisture content to 3-4%. Formula qt. of Saindhava lavana is grinded & sieved through 60 mesh & 14 mesh successively.
Step-2: Dried herbs are taken into a ribbon blender. Formula qt. of menthol, spearmint oil, eranda oil, sod. Benzoate, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, flavor & saindhava lavana are added to the blender. Mixed for 30 min.
Step-3: The bulk is unloaded & sieved through 14 mesh & stored in closed vessels. The bulk is sent for QC checking & approval.

3. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for maintaining ideal condition of the HCD primary packing area.
Scope -> This SOP is applicable to HCD primary packing area.
Procedure -> Following conditions are to be maintained.

Product Temperature(°c) Humidity(%)
Syrup 20-40 NMT 60
Chyawanprash 20-40 NMT 85
Capsule 22-27 NMT 50
Tea 20-30 NMT 50
GMLC 20-30 NMT 50
BMO 20-40 NMT 60

4. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning of GMLC pouch filling machine.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to GMLC pouch filling machine in the packing dept.
Procedure: a) Regular
i) Thoroughly clean the hopper & other parts with air jet.
ii) Run the machine without any materials to check for operational defects.
iii) If there is no problem the machine is ready for operation.
iv) Check for wt., vol., coding before start.
b) Start & end of season
i) Dismantle the machine parts & keep them on a plastic tray.
ii) Clean the machine body with dry cloth.
iii) Mop the machine parts with fibre free duster soaked in 70 % IPA solution.
iv) Reflex the parts.
v) Run the machine without any materials to check for operational defect.
vi) If there is no problem the machine is ready for operation .
vii) Check for wt., vol., & coding before start.

5. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning & sanitation of manufacturing area.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to GMLC dept.
Procedure:
i) Sweeper must wear Ear marked dress, Gloves, Caps & Musk.
ii) Sweep the floor with duster or vacuum cleaned
iii) Clean floor & walls with liq. soap solution dil in water.
iv) Repeat process 3, twice if req.
v) Fans may be switched on for quick drying.

6. Objective: To lay down a procedure for operation of fluid bed dryer.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to the manufacturing dept.
Procedure:
i) Clean the inside of fluid bed dryer with IPA solution.
ii) Remove all traces of IPA by blowing hot air.
iii) Fill the powdered material to be dried in the machine after proper weighment.
iv) Set the hot air inlet & check the temperature.
v) Start the machine.
vi) Stop the machine time to time.
vii) Take out some sample from the test portal each time & check the moisture content.
viii) Continue the drying process till the desired moisture level is attained.
ix) Remove the dried materials from the drier & store properly for
Further process.

7. Objective: To lay down a procedure to fumigate the packing area.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to GMLC packing dept.
Procedure:
i) Raw material, finished goods, intermediates or in-process goods, are kept outside the area.
ii) Doors needed to be closed.
iii) AC & AHU to be switched off before starting fumigation.
iv) “Area Under Fumigation, Don’t Enter” status level should be displayed
v) Food grade glutarldehyde to be spread in its pure form.
vi) The room is kept closed for 12 hrs.
vii) The whole area is cleaned with water the next day.
viii) The growth of the microorganism is checked by the micro labs.
ix) Fumigation to be done at regular intervals & records to be preserved.




CAPSULE
Mothes & Dublanc, two Franchmen, are generally credited with the invention of the gelatin capsule. Their patents, granted in March & December of 1834, covered a method for producing single piece, olive shaped, gelatin capsules, which were closed after filling by a drop of concentrated warm gelatin solution. The two piece telescoping capsule, invented by James Murdock in 1865.

Product
 Femi plus capsule

FEMI PLUS CAPSULE
An ayurvedic female uterine capsule which helps to overcome cramps. Femi plus nourishes whole body & acts as female capsule. It rejuvates female reproduction system thus acts as uterine capsule.

Ingredients  Lodhara
 Hirabol
 Yastimadhu
 Ashoka
 Satavari
 Nagkeshara
 Sweet Chandana
 Devdaru
 Guduchi
 Rasna
 Punarnava
 Dasamool
 Mandura Bhasma
 Mukta Sukti Bhasma
 Calcium Phosphate Dibasic
 Sodium Silicate


Process
Dried powder of all ingredients are collected from the market
↓
Mix them well in the mixer
↓
Put the in the hopper of the capsule filling machine
↓
Powder are filled into the capsule
↓
Then it placed into a vacuum pressure for compaction
↓
Then placed the capsule in the manual shorting machine
↓
Then placed it in mechanical shorting machine from where the dust are cleaned
↓
Then it undergoes through polisher

Packaging
Now the finished capsules are goes to the packaging table
↓
Now 30 capsule are arrange to pack in a bottle
↓
Now this bottles are stored & waiting for dispatch
↓
Lastly batch no. etc. are printed

Indication:
 Anti-cramps formula -> Dasamool, Devdaru & Rasna -> Useful in Cramps, pain & relieves stress.
 Diuretic properties -> Punarnava -> Relieves Micturation.
 Glowing Skin Action -> Vit E -> Improves Complexion.
 Haemateric properties -> Apple juice -> Provide Iron & energy.
 Flavored sugar syrup base.
 Preservatives -> Sod. Benzoate, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben.

SOPs for Femi plus capsule
1. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for maintaining ideal condition of the HCD primary packing area.
Scope -> This SOP is applicable to HCD primary packing area.
Procedure -> Following conditions are to be maintained.

Product Temperature(°c) Humidity(%)
Syrup 20-40 NMT 60
Chyawanprash 20-40 NMT 85
Capsule 22-27 NMT 50
Tea 20-30 NMT 50
GMLC 20-30 NMT 50
BMO 20-40 NMT 60

2. Objective: To lay down a procedure to fumigate the packing area.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to Femi plus capsule packing dept.
Procedure:
i) Raw material, finished goods, intermediates or in-process goods, are kept outside the area.
ii) Doors needed to be closed.
iii) AC & AHU to be switched off before starting fumigation.
iv) “Area Under Fumigation, Don’t Enter” status level should be displayed
v) Food grade glutarldehyde to be spread in its pure form.
vi) The room is kept closed for 12 hrs.
vii) The whole area is cleaned with water the next day.
viii) The growth of the microorganism is checked by the micro labs.
ix) Fumigation to be done at regular intervals & records to be preserved.

3. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning & sanitation of manufacturing area.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to Femi plus capsule dept.
Procedure:
i) Sweeper must wear Ear marked dress, Gloves, Caps & Musk.
ii) Sweep the floor with duster or vacuum cleaned
iii) Clean floor & walls with liq. soap solution dil in water.
iv) Repeat process 3, twice if req.
v) Fans may be switched on for quick drying.
vi) Swab with fiber free duster dipped in 2% savlon solution.

4. Objective: To lay down a procedure for sanitation in the capsule packing area.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to capsule packing section.
Procedure:
i) Floor, Machine, Walls has to be cleaned on a daily basis ensure that doors, windows, electrical panels are dust free.
ii) Clean the machine with IPA solution & floor with liq. detergent before & after production.
iii) All utensils to be cleaned with IPA solution & kept dry.
iv) Room condition to be maintained as specification.
v) Persons working in the area should have aprons, caps, gloves, masks, rubber slipper/ shoe cover.
vi) Every one should wash their hands with 70% IPA solution to avoid contamination before entering the capsule packing area.
vii) Perform Microbiological test at routine intervals.
viii) Clean machine with 70% IPA solution everyday before start of packing operation.

5. Objective -> To lay down a procedure for line clearance of filling &packing operation.
Scope -> This SOP is applicable to filling & packing area.
Procedure ->
i) Check the area for cleanliness.
ii) Check for any residual material of previous batch like coded PM, non specified PM, diff. variant of finished goods, finished goods of other batch etc.
iii) Check the humidity & temperature.
iv) Check coding, fill vol./wt.
v) If adjustment M/C adjustment are done, discard the trial packs.
vi) Place a tag bearing the pdt name, batch no.
vii) If everything is as per norms allow packing/ filling operation.
viii) Don’t allow persons suffering from infections disease in the filling packing area.
ix) Record the line cleaned procedure in specified format & get it countersigned by the production supervisor.

6. Objective: To lay down a procedure for packing material.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to central source.
Procedure:
i) Persons dispensing PM must wear clean ear marked drees & cap.
ii) Area of working in the dispensing zone must be free from unwanted PM .
iii) Issue of PM is done against requisition slip raised by the production dept.
iv) Approval tags must be checked before issue of the materials.
v) Visual identification before dispensing to be done especially for the printed PM as extra precautionary measure.
vi) After completion of the issuance procedure the requisition slip must be countersigned by the stores supervisor as well as the production supervisor.
vii) The requisition slip is finally stored for reconciliation.

7. Objective: To lay down a procedure for dispensing of herbs.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to herbs store.
Procedure:
i) Keep the material ready as per requisition received from the manufacturing dept.
ii) Check the balance for its proper functioning.
iii) Check the cleanliness of the area before dispensing the materials.
iv) Check the cleanliness of the dispensing utensils before dispensing the materials.
v) Recheck the levels of the materials to be dispensed.
vi) Dispense the materials with a clean spoon in a plastic SS can.
vii) Check the wt. of the bags of individual items after dispensing for reconciliation.
viii) Clean the dispensing utensils & the area before next dispensing operation.


8. Objective: To lay down a procedure for dispensing of raw materials.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to central stores.
Procedure:
i) Persons dispensing RM must wear clean ear marked dress, cap, gloves, & washable slipper.
ii) Dispensing zone must be clean & free from dust.
iii) Check the cleanliness of dispensing equipments before dispensing.
iv) Dispensing must be done with the help of a calibrated balance.
v) Area of working in the dispensing zone, dispensing equipment must be free from unwanted RM.
vi) Issue of RM is done against BPA given by the manufacturing dept. which is already given by QA dept.
vii) Approved tags must be checked before issue of the materials.
viii) Visual identification before dispensing is to be done.
ix) Net quantity dispensed is verified & recorded by stores & manufacturer supervisor.
x) The entire process of issuance of RM must be thoroughly monitored by supervisor.
xi) The loose plastic bags or containers must be properly closed & transferred to the production area with proper identification.
xii) After completion of the issuance procedure, BPR page no.-1 must be countersigned by the stores supervisor as well as the production supervisor.
xiii) The print out obtained from SAP is finally attached with the BPR.





CREAM
Product
 Himani Fast Relief
 Boroplus Antiseptic Cream

BORO PLUS
It is an ointment with ayurvedic base, it can be cure nicks, cuts, burns, nappy rash etc. protects the skin from minor disease & harsh weather. It is widely used for the treatment of chapped, cracked & dry skin during extreme winter.
The cream penetrates the skin gently. It has a rich Aloe vera content along with neem, cures minor burns, other ingredients like usir keep the skin cool & relaxed.

Ingredients Boric acid
 Zinc oxide
 Talc
 Hard paraffin
 Sasol wax
 L.L.P.
 Cito
 Lanoline
 S.L.S.
 Hydral 20
 Tincture of herbs
 Alcoholic ext. of herbs.
 Perfume.

Boro plus production in flow chart
Stage 1
Aq. mixing using formula qty. of herb ext.

Stage 2
Mixing of preblend3

Stage 3
Powdered chemical ingredients as per formula are sieved together through 60 # sieve, mixed with mineral oil.
↘
Mixed
Stage 4
Preblend4 material. Consisting of waxes & mineral oil are melted at about 90°c.
↓
Filtered
↓
Now all together this 4 Stage 1, 2, 3, 4
↓
Batch mixing kettle
↓
Start homogenizing after addition of 1 & 2.
↓
Start stirring after addition of 3 continue homogenizing till 60-65°c.
↓
Stop homogenizing at 65°c, continue mixing, start water circulation for cooling.
↓
Start chilled water circulation after 5n min of perfume adition.
↓
Reworked product if any & add preblend5 ( perfume)
↓
Milled through a colloid mill at about 37°c & store in SS bulk storage tank.↓
↓
Filling Packing
↓
Finished goods
↓
Dispatch Store


SOPs for Himani Fast Relief
1. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning of cream filling machine.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to the tube filling machine in the packing dept. during charge over the product.
Procedure:
i) Take out excess cream from the Ratopump Hopper & pipeline. Run the machine to take out cream from the primary hopper. Ensure that there is no cream in the system.
ii) Store the cream separately in a HDPE vat.
iii) Return the cream to the manufacturing dept. for reprocessing.
iv) Dismantle the hopper, nozzle valve, piston, cassette of the filling machine & keep them in a clean tray.
v) Clean the parts thoroughly with fiber free dry cloth.
vi) Finally wipe with fiber free duster soaked in IPA solution.
vii) Put fresh cream hopper & rinse the pump & pipeline with the desired cream till the new variant is totally identified in output.
viii) Discard the rinsed cream.
ix) Fix all the parts of the filling machine.
x) Rinse with desired cream till new variety is totally identified in the output.
xi) Rinsed cream to be discarded.
xii) Placed clean tag on the machine.

2. Objective: To lay down a procedure for effective cleaning of cream manufacturing facility.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to the Ayurvedic cream manufacturing facility.
1.0 Health, Safety, & Environment:
1.1 Use hand gloves before cleaning.
1.2 Use head caps, marks before entering the production area.
2.0 Procedure:
2.1 Product charge over
2.1.1 Ensure the complete removal of product from manufacturing plant.
2.1.2 Remove the “USE FOR” tag & fix “TO BE CLEANED” level on the manufacturing vessel.
2.1.3 Ensure that the bottom drain valve & manhole lid is closed of melting vessel.
2.1.4 Set the temp of melting vessel at 90°c for 30 mins.
2.1.5 Open the bottom valve & drain out the valve.
2.1.6 Collect purified water in the melting vessel.
2.1.7 Set the temp of water at 90°c.
2.1.8 After achieving desired temp, run the agitator for around 20 mins & next transfer water to the mixing vessel under vacuum. Maintain a temp of around 90°c in the mixing vessel.
2.1.9 Connect one end of CIP pump to the outlet of storage mixing vessel.
2.1.10 Connect other end of P pump to the outlet of storage tank. Open the valve between mixing vessel & colloid mill.
2.1.11 Start the CIP pump for circulation of hot water from mixing vessel through transfer pump & storage tank. Start the agitator of the mixing vessel & maintain the temp. of purified water at about 90°c.
2.1.12 After circulation for about 30 mins free the output of storage tank & drain out water.
2.1.13 Take sufficient amount of water in the mixing vessel.
2.1.14 Flash required amount of IPA in the melting vessel & keep it close for one hr. then drain out.
2.1.15 Keep the melting vessel open & maintain the temp at about 60°c for effective drying.
2.1.16 Flash require amount of IPA in manufacture tank & keep it close for 1hr. then dried out. Through colloid mill transfer pump & storage tank.
2.1.17 Keep the manufacturing tank open & maintain the temp at about 60°c for effective drying.
2.1.18 Dismantle the transfer lines strainer & clean the same with hot purified water, & then rinse with IPA.
2.2 Variant change over
2.2.1 Ensure the complete removal of previous product.
2.2.2 Remove the “USE FOR” tag & attach the “TO BE CLEANED” level to the manufacturing plant.
2.2.3 Set the temp of mixing vessel at 90°c. Switch on the agitator & drain out residue previous product through the bottom valve.
2.2.4 Close the mixing point of vessel.
2.2.5 Take required amount of L.L.P. in the mixing vessel through spray nozzle.
2.2.6 Maintain the temp of L.L.P. at 90°c.
2.2.7 Switch on the agitator. Continue for about 45mins. Next drain out the hot L.L.P. through flash nozzle.
2.2.8 Dismantle the transfer lines, strainer & clean the same with in hot water & then rinse with IPA.
2.2.9 Repeat process 2.2.3-2.2.8 in case of there is a residue of previous product.




HIMANI FAST RELIFE
It is an ointment with ayurvedic base, provides instant relief against masculer, joint, arthritic & shoulder pain.

Ingredients Wintergreen oil
 Menthol
 Eucalyptus oil
 Camphor
 Turpentine oil
 Clove oil
 Thymol
 L.L.P.
 Hard Paraffin
 Coloring agent
 Base

Indication
Powerful therapy for symptomatic relief from arthritic muscular pain, backache, joint pains, sprains, sciatica, inflammation.

Boro plus Production in Flowchart
Stage 1Formula qty. of blend 1 (containing essential oil, herbal actives, anti-oxidants) are wt. mixed together & left as such in closed container until a homogeneous solution is obtained.
↓ ↖
Filtered Preblend 2 (containing color solution)


Stage 2
Formula qty. of Preblend 3 (consisting of waxes & mineral oils are wt. together & heated upto 85-90°c with constant stirring.
↘
Filter
Stage 3Both the products from stage 1 & stage 2 are then goes to the Batch Mixing Kettle
↓
Start mixing cum side scrapping
↓
Continue mixing & scrapping
↓
Continue high speed mixing for 30 mins after transfer of Preblend 1 & 2.
↓
Start water circulation for cooling continue mixing at lower speed till temperature reaches 40-45°c.
↓
Reworked product if any will add to it (add at 55-60°c)
↖
Release the batch to properly closed SS tank.
↓
Filling Packing
↓
Finished goods
↓
Dispatch Store

Procedure

Oil Phase
 L.L.P
 Hard Paraffin
 MC Wax
 Ozokenite Wax
 H.L.P.
↓
Transfer to mixing vessel
↓
Add essential oils
 Methyl Salicylate
 Menthol
 Wintergreen oil
 Eucalyptus oil
 Camphor
 Turpentine oil
 Clove oil
 Thymol
↓
Add color
↓
Run water for cooling
↓
Then transfer to storage tank

SOPs for Himani Fast Relief
1. Objective: To lay down a procedure for cleaning of cream filling machine.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to the tube filling machine in the packing dept. during charge over the product.
Procedure:
i) Take out excess cream from the Ratopump Hopper & pipeline. Run the machine to take out cream from the primary hopper. Ensure that there is no cream in the system.
ii) Store the cream separately in a HDPE vat.
iii) Return the cream to the manufacturing dept. for reprocessing.
iv) Dismantle the hopper, nozzle valve, piston, cassette of the filling machine & keep them in a clean tray.
v) Clean the parts thoroughly with fiber free dry cloth.
vi) Finally wipe with fiber free duster soaked in IPA solution.
vii) Put fresh cream hopper & rinse the pump & pipeline with the desired cream till the new variant is totally identified in output.
viii) Discard the rinsed cream.
ix) Fix all the parts of the filling machine.
x) Rinse with desired cream till new variety is totally identified in the output.
xi) Rinsed cream to be discarded.
xii) Placed clean tag on the machine.

2. Objective: To lay down a procedure for effective cleaning of cream manufacturing facility.
Scope: This SOP is applicable to the Ayurvedic cream manufacturing facility.
1.0 Health, Safety, & Environment:
1.1 Use hand gloves before cleaning.
1.2 Use head caps, marks before entering the production area.
2.0 Procedure:
2.1 Product charge over
2.1.1 Ensure the complete removal of product from manufacturing plant.
2.1.2 Remove the “USE FOR” tag & fix “TO BE CLEANED” level on the manufacturing vessel.
2.1.3 Ensure that the bottom drain valve & manhole lid is closed of melting vessel.
2.1.4 Set the temp of melting vessel at 90°c for 30 mins.
2.1.5 Open the bottom valve & drain out the valve.
2.1.6 Collect purified water in the melting vessel.
2.1.7 Set the temp of water at 90°c.
2.1.8 After achieving desired temp, run the agitator for around 20 mins & next transfer water to the mixing vessel under vacuum. Maintain a temp of around 90°c in the mixing vessel.
2.1.9 Connect one end of CIP pump to the outlet of storage mixing vessel.
2.1.10 Connect other end of P pump to the outlet of storage tank. Open the valve between mixing vessel & colloid mill.
2.1.11 Start the CIP pump for circulation of hot water from mixing vessel through transfer pump & storage tank. Start the agitator of the mixing vessel & maintain the temp. of purified water at about 90°c.
2.1.12 After circulation for about 30 mins free the output of storage tank & drain out water.
2.1.13 Take sufficient amount of water in the mixing vessel.
2.1.14 Flash required amount of IPA in the melting vessel & keep it close for one hr. then drain out.
2.1.15 Keep the melting vessel open & maintain the temp at about 60°c for effective drying.
2.1.16 Flash require amount of IPA in manufacture tank & keep it close for 1hr. then dried out. Through colloid mill transfer pump & storage tank.
2.1.17 Keep the manufacturing tank open & maintain the temp at about 60°c for effective drying.
2.1.18 Dismantle the transfer lines strainer & clean the same with hot purified water, & then rinse with IPA.
2.2 Variant change over
2.2.1 Ensure the complete removal of previous product.
2.2.2 Remove the “USE FOR” tag & attach the “TO BE CLEANED” level to the manufacturing plant.
2.2.3 Set the temp of mixing vessel at 90°c. Switch on the agitator & drain out residue previous product through the bottom valve.
2.2.4 Close the mixing point of vessel.
2.2.5 Take required amount of L.L.P. in the mixing vessel through spray nozzle.
2.2.6 Maintain the temp of L.L.P. at 90°c.
2.2.7 Switch on the agitator. Continue for about 45mins. Next drain out the hot L.L.P. through flash nozzle.
2.2.8 Dismantle the transfer lines, strainer & clean the same with in hot water & then rinse with IPA.
2.2.9 Repeat process 2.2.3-2.2.8 in case of there is a residue of previous product.





CONCLUSIONIts my privilege & a lifetime achievement of mine to work with ‘Emami group’. Here I saw production of many successful formulations of Emami. The employees of Emami are just so friendly & helpful. They give every possible help to me. I am really very proud to be in Emami.
Lastly I want to give thanks to all the employees of the Emami Ltd. who guided me for completion of my project.

Information About Emami

HISTORY
The inception of Emami Group took place way back in mid seventies when two childhood friends, Mr. R.S. Agarwal and Mr. R.S. Goenka left their high profile jobs with the Birla Group to set up Kemco Chemicals, an Ayurvedic medicine and cosmetic manufacturing unit in Kolkata in 1974.

It was an extremely bold step in the early seventies when the Indian FMCG market was still dominated by multinationals. Several such companies headquartered in Kolkata were considering shifting out of West Bengal due to labor unrest and political problems.

But against all odds with a vision of combining the age old wisdom of Ayurveda with modern manufacturing techniques for creating winning brands the company was started with a meager amount of Rs. 20,000.

A dream of reaching out to the Indian middle class; a target audience whom they thought will have increasing potential for consumption, the company started manufacturing cosmetic products as well as Ayurvedic medicines under the brand name of Emami from a small factory in Kolkata.

In the early days the two friends used to go around places and sell their cosmetics from shop to shop. They piled their goods on hand pulled rickshaws and went on distribution drives making their brand extremely popular, available and acceptable among consumers.

The first-rate quality of the products soon created a consumer pull and gradually some people were hired to work for them. A chain of distributors was established and the sale of Emami products spread from West Bengal to rest of Eastern India and gradually to other states.

Emami Talcum, Emami Vanishing Cream and Emami Cold Cream were great favorite brands with the quality conscious consumers in the mid-seventies. The company soon became adept in selling beautiful dreams to Indian women interested in finding their own identity. The signature tune of “Emami” played over radio and TV became a household favorite.

In 1978, Himani Ltd (incorporated as a Private Limited Company in 1949) had become sick unit and was up for sale. Himani, almost a 100 year old company with good brand equity in Eastern India and a well laid out factory in Kolkata, was producing a number of cosmetics. Mr. Agarwal realized the opportunity and acquired Himani though for their young organization it was a tough task to mobilize resources for buying a sick unit and even tougher to turn it around to a profitable venture. The degree of financial risk involved was enormous considering the small capital base of the company in those days. However Mr. Agarwal, supported by Mr. Goenka decided to go ahead with the deal which later on proved to be the turning point for the organization.

Mr. Agarwal decided to produce in the Himani factory different types of health care items and toiletries based on Ayurvedic preparation. Ten years after commencement of the company, it launched their first flagship brand Boroplus Antiseptic Cream under the Himani umbrella in 1984. Many additional brands followed Boroplus including Boroplus Prickly Heat Powder which came as a brand extension of the mother brand. Emami brands started selling in all states of North, East and West India. Today Boroplus is not only the largest selling Antiseptic Cream in India but also in Russia, Ukraine, and Nepal.

Nineties was very eventful for Emami. The next flagship brand of the company Navratna Cool Oil came in the nineties under the Himani Umbrella and the second factory was opened at Pondicherry to expand production. Navratna over the years has becomea market leader in the cool oil category.

The introduction of new brands continued and the distribution network of the company was extended to South India with Navratna spear heading the process. In 1995, Kemco Chemicals, the partnership firm was converted into a Public Limited Company under the name and style of Emami Ltd. In 1998, Emami Ltd was merged with Himani Ltd and its name was changed to Emami Ltd as per fresh certificate of incorporation dated September1, 1998.

In 2000, with a view to concentrate on its core FMCG business, Emami’s investment undertaking was demerged and Pan Emami Cosmed Ltd. issued its fully paid up shares to shareholders of Emami in the ratio of 1:1. In 2003 a new factory unit was set up at Amingaon, Guwahati. A Public Issue of 50 lacs Equity Shares of Rs2/- each at a price of Rs. 70 followed in 2005. The issue was oversubscribed within few seconds of its opening with an overall over subscription of 36 times of the issue size. The share price sold at Rs. 70 today is quoted in the stock market as Rs. 210.

In 2005 Emami created a marketing history in India by launching Fair and Handsome, the first fairness cream for men.

In 2006 the company decided to introduce a Health Care Division and a number of new brands of Ayurvedic OTC medicines. The company has taken up the challenge of growing this new division with a dedicated and enthusiastic team working on this project.

Among the brands created by the company, today Navratna brand is Rs.200 crore followed by Boroplus brand standing at Rs.150 crore and Fairness family standing at Rs.55 crore. Sona Chandi Chyawanprash is number two and Menthoplus and Fast Relief are number two in their respective categories.

In 2006, J B Marketing & Finance Ltd., the erstwhile marketing company of the Emami Group merged with Emami Ltd. and the total turnover of Emami including sales in domestic and export market stood at Rs 516 crores at the end of the fiscal year 2006-07.

While Emami Limited is on lookout for acquisitions in India and abroad for inorganic growth in FMCG sector, it has also identified ‘Realty’ as another potential business opportunity. A wholly owned subsidiary, Emami Realty Pvt. Limited, has been formed in May, 2007 to take up this business. Apart from utilization of Emami’s war chest, it would also give Realty business an independent and separate focus since it would be a 100 per cent subsidiary of Emami Ltd. While aggressive growth in FMCG business would continue, Realty would further enhance profitability and shareholders’ wealth.

With in three decades, the company has grown into a huge Rs. 600 crore Emami Ltd under the flagship company of the Rs.1600 crore Emami Group.

Today, Emami Limited is lead by Mr. R S Agarwal and Mr. R S Goenka with the help of the second generation Promoter Directors from the two families. Qualified and dedicated set of professionals run the day to day operations of the company. Recently a new corporate office “Emami Tower” has been added to the history of the company which houses Emami Limited as well as all the other Group companies in Kolkata.


FOUNDERS MESSAGE



The consumer is looking for a health and wellness quotient in each aspect of his/her life and this is a deciding factor influencing consumer choice: from the food they eat to, where they live to the products they use. This preoccupation with wellness is especially witnessed within the personal care space, where health and beauty are now coming together. People are no longer satisfied with products that just make them look good or feel good, but also want them to ‘do-good’. Moreover, the do-good aspect is understood in terms of a health rather than a cosmetic benefit. Another trend signaling the merging of health and beauty is the emergence of herbal, natural and organic products within personal care, which are considered safe, sensitive to the skin and free of side-effects by consumers.

Since consumers actively seek health benefits from personal care products, they spend a lot of time researching the product before making a purchase decision. They want to know how a product works, what ingredients it contains, the properties and actions of these ingredients and results. People still love to pamper themselves with silky smooth creams and lotions, but they also make sure that their favorite personal care products are not just making them feel good but are also keeping them healthy. It is the convergence of these supposedly disparate developments that is growing the market for India’s fast-moving consumer goods sector in general and Emami Limited in particular.

Ayurveda Vs. Allopathy

Ayurveda
Ayurveda means the science of life. Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine is a system of cure that was originated thousands of years ago in India . Ayurvedic remedies supplies both healing and precautionary measures towards most favorable physical, mental and spiritual well being. The philosophy which is basically related to Ayurveda is preventing unnecessary suffering and living a long, healthy life. Thus Ayurveda solution which is made up of herbs is based on direct sense perception, logical inference and hearing from authoritative sources, that is saints or realized souls.

On the other hand, Allopathy which is also known as ‘conventional medicine’ is developed in the West. It is also called as the Modern System of Medicine. In this system the diseases are treated with drugs which are having opposite effects to the existing symptoms. It was originated from ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian medicine.
Ayurveda is a holistic healing science which comprises of two words, Ayu and Veda. Ayu means life and Veda means knowledge or science. So the literal meaning of the word Ayurveda is the science of life. Ayurveda is a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a complete way of life.

Ayurveda aims at making a happy, healthy and peaceful society. The two most important aims of Ayurveda are:
1.to maintain the health of healthy people.
2.to cure the diseases of sick people.

Allopathy
Allopathy is based on major three steps: hypothesis, experimentation and observation and finally the theory or the conclusion. In today’s world, allopathy follows a methodological approach towards diagnosing and treating patience.
But the major difference between them lies is the period of curing the illness. Ayurveda comparatively takes a long period of time to cure, whereas in most of the cases allopathic treatment cures the diseases within a short span of time. Although the negative side is allopathy treatment sometimes may causes side effects like hair loss, weak health, allergies and many more. But no such side effects can really be found in Ayurvedic treatment. Now days, many doctors those who are practicing allopathy even suggest many Ayurvedic medicines for their patients. Ayurveda removes the root cause of the ailment.

The system of medical practice which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment. MDs practice allopathic medicine.

The term ‘allopathy’ was coined in 1842 by C.F.S. Hahnemann to designate the usual practice of medicine (allopathy) as opposed to homeopathy, the system of therapy that he founded based on the concept that disease can be treated with drugs (in minute doses) thought capable of producing the same symptoms in healthy people as the disease itself.

Careers in Ayurvedic Pharmacy

Today lots of Ayurvedic Pharmacies are coming up & there's an increase in craze for herbal products worldwide. Infact it's one of the latest fields with a huge market potential & that's why Indian Government is looking forward to its growth as a breeding ground for earning foreign exchange. Skilled persons are lacking in this field both in Public & Private sectors. Hence a need was felt to develop a task force specialized in Ayurvedic Manufacturing &/dispensing. Hence a need for such a course was felt. More-over self-employment is the need of the hour & that's why professional courses are in demand. Starting Diploma in Ayd Pharmacy is like moving one more step forward in this direction.
As most of the students must be having insecurity/dilemma regarding their future in this field, I thought of sharing my views with you. I hope this piece of information will help you in shaping your career instead of just completing a degree & you could learn Ayurveda in true spirit & after stepping out of the college could make a new vision & reach new horizons & give new direction to others that follow.

Remember-" Without changing the old ways, new dimensions of life & living cannot be achieved." So initially be prepared for Sweat & perspiration but the positive results are guaranteed. Remember Ayurveda is a Spiritual Science & is a complex subject. Persons who have indepth knowledge & have understood basic fundamentals of Ayurveda feel that basic fundamentals of ayurveda are infact the most scientifically laid out. That's why it's still relevant in this jet age. Its role in the field of "Social & Preventive Medicine" is of utmost importance.

Opportunities for professional growth-
Courses of study in Ayurvedic Pharmacy as offered in different universities are -

1. Diploma in Ayurvedic Pharmacy (D.Pharma)-2 yrs
2. Bachelor in Ayurvedic Pharmacy (B.Pharma)-4 yrs
3. Master in Ayurvedic Pharmacy (M.Pharma)-2 yrs
4. Master of Science in Medicinal Plants (M.Sc Medicinal Plants)-2 yrs
5. PG Diploma in Ayurvedic Drug Standardisation- 1 yr
6. MBA ( Pharma) specially designed for Pharmacy graduates-2 yrs
7. Certificate course in Ayd Cosmetics-1 yr
Note-
Course 1. is offered by many colleges in India
Course 2,3,4 is available at Gujrat Ayurvedic University, Jamnagar (Details of Admission Procedure etc at www.ayurveduniversity.com)
Course 5 is offered at Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU (Details at www.bhu.ac.in)
Course 6 is offered in many universities. Not sure whether Ayurvedic Pharmacy graduates are eligible because this course has been recently developed. For Enquiries you can contact National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Mohali, Chandigarh (www.niper.org.in)
Course 7 offered at Pune University (www.unipune.ernet.in)
Job Opportunities-
In India-

Pharmacist at Govt. Ayd Dispensaries (GAD) &/ Hospitals/ institutes
Can open ones own retail shop of Ayd medicines.
Open up ones own pharmacy after experience of 1-2 yrs of production in a reputed firm. Because only after that you can apply for a drug manufacturing license.
Jobs as Sales Executive in Ayd. Pharmaceutical companies.
Teaching in Ayurvedic Institutes after doing B.Pharma/M.Pharma
Abroad-

Can join colleges of Herbal Medicine & work abroad as a specialist in herbal medicine.

Ayurvedic Literatures

According to early vedic literature, Ayurveda was supposedly first passed on by Lord Brahma to sage Bharadvaja. Bharadvaja in turn taught it to other sages, one among whom was Punarvasu Atreya. Atreya taught Ayurveda to his six disciples namely, Agnivesha, Bhela, Jatukarana, Parasara, Harita and Ksharapani. These disciples, on the basis of their own understanding of the subject, composed treatises and read them before the expert sages. The sages whole-heartedly approved these works and blessed the authors. The treatises became popular and proved helpful in mitigating human suffering.

Charaka Samhita
Charaka Samhita is a huge treatise on ancient Indian medicine. It contains eight divisions (ashtanga sthanas) viz., sutra, nidana, vimana, sharia, indriya, chikitsa, kalpa and siddha sthanas. Each division is further divided into numerous chapters, it describes not only the existing knowledge about medicine aspects but also the logic and philosophy behind the medical systems. The present manuscript of Charaka Samhita has a long history behind it. As stated earlier, it was originally composed by Agnivesa one of the six students of Atreya, and it embodied the teachings of the latter. Agnivesha's treatise appears to have been available till the eleventh century, as Chakrapanidatta, its commentator, quotes from it.
With the passage of time, as new knowledge accumulated, it looks, it was felt necessary that Agnivesha tantra should be revised. This was done by Charaka and the revised edition of Agnivesha tantra came to be called Charaka Samhita. During the ninth century, Charaka Samhita was again edited and reconstructed by a Kashmiri Pandit named Dridhabala, son of Kapilabala, a resident of Panchanadapura, now known as Panjor situated seven miles north of Srinagar. The present form which Charaka Samhita has, was given to it by Dridhabala. He not only added the missing chapters but also edited the whole samhita.
Charaka Samhita deals elaborately with subjects such as foetal generation and development, anatomy of the human body, function and malfunction of the body depending upon the equilibrium or otherwise of the three humours of the body, viz., of vayu, pitta and kapha. It describes etiology, classification, pathology, diagnosis treatment of various diseases and the science of rejuvenation of the body. It discusses elaborately the etiology of diseases on the basis of the tridosa theory. It gives a detailed description of the various diseases including those of the eyes, the female genital organs, normal and abnormal deliveries and diseases of the children. Charaka's materia medica consists chiefly of vegetable products though animal and earthy products are also included in it. All these drugs are classified into 50 groups on the basis of their action on the body.
This vast treatise also gives an idea of the various categories of the practitioners of the healing art, specialization in different medical subjects, physicians and their fees, nursing care, centers of medical learning, schools of philosophy such as Nyaya and Vaiseshika which formed the fundamental basis of medical theories, medical botany and classification of the animal kingdom, particularly in regard to properties of their flesh etc. It also describes various customs, tradition, legends, routine of daily life, habits of smoking and drinking, dress and clothing of the people of that era.
Commentary on Charaka Samhita by Chakrapanidatta, called Charaka Tatparya-Tika or Ayurveda Dipika, done in the eleventh century (A.D. 1066), is very famous.
Charaka Samhita was translated from Sanskrit into Arabic in the beginning of the eighth century and its name Sharaka Indianus occurs in the Latin translation of Avicenna, Razes, and Serapion, a translation of the Karka from Sanskrit into Persian and from Persian into Arabic is mentioned in the Fihrst (finished in A.D. 987). It is likewise mentioned by Alberuni. Charaka Samhita was first translated into English by A.C. Kaviratnain 1897.
The life and times of Charaka are not known with certainty. Some Indian scholars have stated that Charaka of Charaka Samhita existed before Panini, the grammarian, who is said to have lived before the sixth century B. C. Another school argues that Patanjali wrote a commentary on the medical work of Charaka, which is corroborated by his commentator, Chakrapanidatta. They say that if Patanjali lived around 175 B.C., Charaka must have lived some time before him. Another source about the identity of Charaka and his times is provided by the French orientalist Sylvan Levi. He discovered in the Chinese translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka, a person named Charaka who was a court physician to the Indo-Scythian king Kanishka, who in all probability reigned in the second century A.D. From the above discussion, it would seem that Charaka may have lived between the second century B.C. to the second century A.D. Till such time as further and more conclusive evidence is available, to narrow down this period would not be justifiable.

Susruta Samhita
This treatise is the main source of knowledge about surgery in ancient India. Susruta Samhita, as we know it now, is not in the original form which Susruta gave it and which he called. It was first called Shalya Tantra consisted of only five divisions, viz., sutra, nidana, sharira, chikitsa, and kalpa. Shalya Tantra was later revised and supplemented. Later addition of uttara-tantra' consisting of three divisions called shalakya, bhuta-vidya and kalamara-bhrtya, makes eight divisions in the present Susruta Samhita.
Of the commentaries on Susruta Samhita, the most renowned is that of Dalhana called Nibandha Samgraha written in the twelfth century AD. Another commentary is by Chakrapanidatta written in the eleventh century. It is called Bhanumati and only a portion of it is available now.
Susruta Samhita was translated into Arabic before the end of the eighth century A.D. It was called Kitabshaw-shoon-a Hindi or Kitabi-i-Susrud. Rhazes, the famous Arab physician, often quoted from it and mentioned Sarad as an authority on surgery. It was translated in Latin by Hassler and in German by Ullers.
It was translated into English, in part only, by U.C. Datta (1883), A. Chattopadhyaya (1891) and Hoernle (1897). K.L. Bhisagaratna translated it in full between the years 1908 and 1917 and it is this translation which is available now.
Who was Susruta, the composer of Shalya Tantra and when did he live, is not known with any certainty, but for a hint here and there. In connection with the bones of the human body, Susruta in Susruta Samhita introduces his own exposition with a remark pointing to the difference between the Atreya system and his own in respect of the total number of bones. This proves that Susruta could not have lived before Atreya. Another hint is provided by Shatapatha Brahmana, which seems to be acquainted with Susruta's enumeration of bones. The exact data of Shatapatha Brahmana is not known, but it is said to belong to the sixth century B.C. If that is so, Susruta may have lived around the time when Agnivesha composed his tantra under the direction of Atreya.
Susruta of Shalaya Tantra was a great surgeon, teacher of repute and an admirable author. He made great improvements in the general techniques of surgery and performed many new and major operations. He also described a variety of surgical instruments.
He taught his students the surgical techniques first on the dummies and later on the dead bodies. His techniques of dissection of the human body are unique, practical and revealing of the structure of the body. His operations of making a new nose or ear-lobe, of lithotomy, of taking out the dead foetus, and abdominal operations, are classical marvels.
Before Susruta's time, knowledge and practice of surgery in India was more or less of the same standard as in other contemporary civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. In India, the profession of healing was practiced by surgeons (ahalya vaidas), physicians (bhesajas) priest doctors (bhisaj atharvana], poison-curers (vishaharas) and demon doctors (krtyaharas). To practise their art, these professionals had to go out into the open streets, calling out for patients. They lived in houses surrounded by gardens of medicinal herbs. Surgery was not considered a respectable profession before Susruta's time.

Bhela Samhita
Bhela was one of the six students of Atreya, alongwith Agnivesha. He is said to have composed a treatise called Bhela Samhita. This was not traceable for many centuries, but in the year 1880, a palm leaf manuscript of it, composed in Sanskrit but written in the Telugu script, was found in the Palace Library at Tanjore. This manuscript, written about 1650, abounds in mistakes and some of it has been disfigured beyond recognition. But whatever has survived gives evidence of the same ancient tradition as Charaka Samhita does. It has also eight divisions like the Charaka, and each section ends with : "Thus spake Atreya" as it is in Charaka Samhita. Bhela Samhita essentially corroborates what Charaka Samhita says. Occasionally, it differs from it in some details.

Nava Nitaka
The practice of Ayurvedic medicine entered a new phase when instead of the samhitas on medicine and surgery, compendia of prescriptions for various diseases began to appear. The first of such treatises which we have with us now is Nava Nitaka. This manuscript was discovered by a man of Kuchar, an oasis of Eastern Turkestan in Central Asia on the caravan route to China. This route was used by the Buddhist monks of India travelling to far off places. This man dug in the hope of getting some treasure in an area supposed to contain an underground city. He did not find any wealth but discovered a manuscript which was bought for a small sum by L.H. Bower, who had gone there qn a private mission from the Government of India. This manuscript was forwarded to J. Waterhouse, the then President of the Asiatic Society. It was deciphered and published by A.F. Hoernle, who spent 21 years on its study. Afterwards, the manuscript was sold to the Bodlein Library in Oxford.
Nava Nitaka manuscript by its name or by its contents has been mentioned by different authors between the tenth and the sixteenth century. After that, this manuscript has not been mentioned by anyone until it was re-discovered. The present manuscript is composed of very defective Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit. It was written in the Gupta script of the fourth or fifth century. The material on which it is written is birch bark, cut into longish folios like the palm leaves of southern and western India. The contents suggest Buddhistic influence in its composition.
According to Hoernle, the whole manuscript consists of not less five distinct parts. The author quotes from Charaka and Susruta and Bhela Samhita. The title 'Nava-Nitaka', meaning butter, is indicative of the manner of its composition; just as a small amount of butter is extracted out milk, so does this work contain the essential formulae extracted from other larger works. According to one scholar, the author of Nava-Nitaka was Navanita.
Nava-Nitaka for the first time gives details about the use of garlic various diseases such as consumption (rajya yakshma) and scrofulous glands in the neck. Tied with a thread, it was also hung on the door; this was supposed to check the spread of infectious diseases like small-pox. Garlic was recommended to be used in winter and spring.

Ashtanga Samgraha or Ashtanga Hridya Samhita
This book is still studied all over India, more so in the south. It is composed in a combination of verse and prose form. It was written by Vagbhata around the 7th century AD. It is predominantly based on the teachings of Caraka and Susruta Samhitas though it also gives its own views on different topics. Commentaries on Ashtanga Samgraha were written by Arunadatta about 1220 A.D. and by Hemadri a few decades later.
Ashtanga Hridya Samhita is divided into sutra , nidana, sharira, chikitsa, kalpa, and uttara sthana, and was also written by Vagbhata. It contains 120 chapters and the author quotes Charaka, Susruta Bhela, Nimi, Kasyapa, Dhanvantari and other earlier authors and their works; the chief source, however, is Ashtanga Samgraha. It s a complete but concise description of Ayurvedic medicine.
Particular stress is laid upon surgery. It does not mention the user of opium in the treatment of diseases and feeling of the pulse for diagnosis. Use of 'killed' (oxidized) metals is also not given in it. Sutra-sthana of Ashtanga Hridya is especially famous and popular. A popular later couplet says : "The best authorities in medicine are Madhava for nidana (diagnosis) , Vagbhata for sutra sthana (theoretical basis or general principles), Susruta for shrira (structure of the body) and Charaka for chikitsa (treatment)."
Ashtanga Hridya has all along been a very popular treatise. Commentaries on it have been written from time to time by as many as 35 important Ayurvedic physicians, each one interpreting it to the best of his knowledge and experience.
Ashtanga Hridya was translated from Sanskrit into Persian in A.D. 1473 by Hakim Ali Mohammed Bin Ali Ismaili Asavali Aseeli, and dedicated to Mahmood Shah I, the ruler of Gujarat.
Ashtanga Samgraha and Ashtanga Hridya, particularly the latter, indicate advancement in knowledge over the two samhitas of Charaka and Susruta. This is particularly noticeable in the new drugs and some of the new surgical procedures that have been introduced. These treatises of Vagbhata were extensively used and, in fact, they overshadowed the earlier samhitas to the extent that some portions of them were lost never to be recovered. Later writers like Sharangadhara, Chakrapanidatta and Bhavamisra quoted these treatises repeatedly in their works.

Rug Vinishchaya
Rug Vinishchaya, Madhavakara's famous treatise, is written in simple language and style. It is easily understandable by ordinary physicians and became very popular and came to be known as Madhava nidana or simply Nidana. It specializes in the diagnosis of the diseases. The order in which it describes the causes, symptoms and complications of the important diseases sets an example for the future authors such as Vrinda, Vangasena and Chakrapanidatta. Its description of diseases shows a significant advancement compared with that of Charaka and Susruta Samhita.
A special chapter is devoted to small-pox, which previously was described only in a minor way. It, however, literally quotes, many a time, Charaka and Susruta, which shows the borrowing it made from these sources.
In later times, numerous commentaries were written on Madhava's Nidana, which indicate the fame and popularity of this work. The most famous of these commentaries was Madhukosh by Vijayaraksita and his pupil Srikanthadatta in the fourteenth century. The other commentary Antak-darpan by Vachaspati also belongs to the later half of the fourteenth century.
The time of Madhavakara, son of Indrakara, cannot be stated with certainty. Vagbhata mentions Charaka and Susruta but not Madhava. Madhava, on the other hand, does not mention anything about Dridhabala's edition of Charaka Samhita. So Madhava came after Vagbhata but before Dridhabala. Furthermore, Vrinda knew about Madhava. These indirect sources indicate that Madhava may have existed in the ninth or tenth century A.D.

Siddha Yoga
Vrinda composed Siddha Yoga probably around 1000 A.D. This treatise is a medico-chemical work which incorporates some of the material from Charaka, Susruta, Vagbhata, Madhavakara and Nagarjuna. This became very popular. A commentary called Kusumavali was written on it by Sri Kanthadatta around fourteenth century A.D. The commentator states that Sidha Yoga makes particular mention of the diseases prevalent in western India ; may be Vrinda belonged to that region. Siddha Yoga is in the nature of a samgraha and follows the methods of Vagbhata and others and gives a survey of the classical method of treatment. This is the first large treatise dealing with the prescriptions ; in it Vrinda prescribes mercury for internal use. Siddha Yoga of Vrinda was considered to be very important treatise. It was among the books translated into Arabic.

Rasaratnakara
Rasaratnakara deals with the preparation and use of metallic compounds, more particularly of mercury (rasa). It describes certain recipes in which vegetable or animal products are used to transform other metals into compounds which look like gold and could be passed off as gold. These compounds, particularly of mercury, were prepared and used in order to make the body undecayable and strong.
Rasaratnakara was written by Nagarjuna. From the internal evidence of this book, it appears, it is a work composed after the time of Vagbhata t.e., in the eighth century. Alberuni mentions of a Nagarjuna resident of the fort Daibhak near Somnath, who composed a book Rasayana. According to him, this Nagarjuna lived about a hundred years before his times. It appears, Natarjuna lived sometimes between the eighth and ninth century A.D. Nagarjuna composed some other works also, which include Kakshaputa Tanim and Arogya Manjari. According to Dalhana, a commentator of Susruta, Nagarjuna reconstructed Susruta Samhita and added Uttara tantra to it. Nagarjuna was quoted as an authority on rasayana by later authors such as Vrinda and Chakrapani.
Until the seventh and eighth centuries, Ayurvedic drugs consisted mainly of vegetable products. Metals, such as iron, silver, tin and lead, were very sparingly used for medical purposes. Use of metallic compounds particularly began with Nagarjuna and it increased progressively.

Sharangadhara Samhita
The earliest Indian medical treatise to mention of nadi-pariksha (pulse examinations) is of the twelfth century. Written in the 13th century, Sharangadhara Samhita describes different types of pulse in different disease conditions.
Sharangadhara Samhita is not a tantric treatise though the author devotes the "Madhya khanda" to a detailed description of metals and their purification, mercury and the methods of 'swooning', 'killing' and fixing of mercury. It follows the orthodox system of therapeutics of the ancient classical authorities, but admits into the Indian pharmocopoeia, important drugs like mercury and opium, and utilizes them in therapy.
It also marks certain important advances in the physiology of respiration, in medical diagnosis and therapeutics. Sharangadhara Samhita was translated into Hindi, Gujrati, Bengali and Marathi; this shows that it was very popular.
Two commentaries on Sharangadhara Samhita were written: one by Adhamalla called Dipika in the thirteenth century, the second by Kashiram called Gurartha dipika in the sixteenth century.

Bhavaprakasha
To the middle of the sixteenth century belongs Bhava Misra whose treatise Bhavaprakasha is an important medical work. Bhava Misra is the last of the great men of Indian Medicine. He was the son o fLataka Misra and lived at Varanasi in the year A.D. 1550. He was considered as "a jewel among the physicians" and the best of the scholars of his time. He is said to have taught and trained at least 400 students in medicine.
In his important and voluminous treatise called Bhavaprakasha he describes the best of the available material of the previous authors and sets forth his own views and experiences. It is also divided into three khandas (parts) : purva, madhya and uttara. In it the author systematically deals with the origin of Indian medicine, cosmology, human anatomy, embryology, physiology, pathology, medicine, diseases of the children, surgery, Materia Medica, therapeutics, dietetics, rejuvenants and elixirs to prolong life. His clear style and excellent arrangement of the subject matter has thrown a flood of light on many obscure and disputed views of the ancient writers. He describes nadi-pariksha (examination of the pulse) and also the use of mercury and opium.
By the time of Bhava Misra, foreigners from European countries, particularly Portuguese, had started pouring into India to enrich themselves by commercial pursuits. Many of them, however, were suffering from syphilis and so passed on the .disease to the Indian population also. Indian physicians were quite unfamiliar with this scourge and all their previous medical treatises were silent on this subject, even though they did describe other diseases of the genital organs. A new name was needed for this malady and as this disease was brought into the country by the Portuguese, it was called Phiranga roga. Mercury in the form of calomel, catechu, Spilanthese oleracea and honey in certain proportions are the recommended medicines. Certain other recipes are also mentioned.
Bhava Misra's Bhavaprakasha is still popular and is consulted by Ayurvedic physicians in India. He composed another small pharmacological work called Gunaratnamala. It mentions China root called Tobchini in the vernacular, as a remedy of "phiranga roga." He was the first to mention certain drugs of foreign countries as badhkashani naspasi, khorabani and parasika vacha (Acorus calamus), sulemani kharjura (date fruit of Suleman) and opium. Surgery is mentioned only in brief.

Development of Ayurveda in United States

The Early History of Ayurvedai in the United States
Interest in Ayurveda in the United States began in the 1970's, largely as the result of efforts by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi organization of Transcendental Meditation. Interest continued to grow as Indian physicians came to the United States in the 1980's. Among these physicians were Dr. Vasant Lad, Dr. Sunil Joshi and Dr. B.D. Triguna. In the late 1980's Dr. Deepak Chopra wrote "Perfect Health", his famous introductory book on Ayurveda for the general public. This opened the door of India 's ancient healing science for many Westerners. Furthermore, several American pioneers helped attract attention to Ayurveda and influence its growth. They include Dr. David Frawley, of the American Institute of Vedic Studies, and Dr. Robert Svoboda, a Westerner who completed India 's BAMS program. As interest and awareness grew, training programs of various degrees emerged. In 1995, the California College of Ayurveda was founded and was the first State-approved practitioner training program in the United States . It is still in operation today.

The State of Ayurvedic Education in America
As of this writing, the quality of educational programs in the United States continues to vary widely. However, in 2004, the National Ayurvedic Medical Association established the first educational standards in the United States . Graduates of schools that meet these minimum standards are able to receive practitioner status in the national association. These standards, while not legal precedents, have motivated schools to uplift the quality of their practitioner training programs.
The focus or vision of schools varies in the United States . The California College of Ayurveda is the leader in clinical practitioner training with the intention of educating its students to be fully qualified practitioners capable of disease management as well as lifestyle training. Almost all other schools focus on training students in lifestyle management and do not address clinical disease management.
Ayurveda training programs in the United States fall into four major categories: (1) correspondence programs, (2) full-time training programs (3) weekend training programs, (4) short-term seminar courses. There is also a division within practitioner training programs, with some of these program offering internship and others not.
(1) Correspondence Programs
Correspondence programs enable the student to study exclusively at home and correspond with questions to the school. Some correspondence courses include internet based study; others include reading the textbook prepared by the instructor. Many require assignments in addition to reading. Testing varies with each program. Today, there are at least half dozen different correspondence courses available in the United States . Credit hours are arbitrarily assigned by the course developer. The National Ayurvedic Medical Association does not recognize correspondence course hours toward national certification.
(2) Full-Time Training Programs
There are only two main institutions for full–time study in the United States . These institutions are the California College of Ayurveda and the Ayurvedic Institute in New Mexico . The course at the California College of Ayurveda is 18 months in duration. The course at the Ayurvedic Institute is 16 months in duration.
(3) Weekend Training Programs
In the United States , there are approximately 10 weekend training programs. Students attend school, most often one weekend per month over a pre-determined period of time. Program lengths vary from 12 weekends on the shorter end to 24 weekends at the California College of Ayurveda.
(4) Short-Term Seminar Courses
Short-term seminar courses are very popular in the United States . These courses vary considerably in quality and content. Many are simple introductory courses, while others focus on a specific modality. These courses are popular for self-healing as well as for training massage and spa therapists in various aspects of Ayurvedic massage and beauty care.
(5) Internship Programs
The California College of Ayurveda was the first school to offer an internship training program in the United States whereby students could practice under supervision in a college clinic or in their own community. Today, several schools offer internship training programs. The nature of internship varies considerably with some schools allowing interns only to observe patient care while others allow students to practice on other students. The California College of Ayurveda is one of the only schools offering a training program that includes seeing patients from the community and providing complete Ayurvedic health care.

State Approval and the Certification of Schools
In most States, schools require State approval to operate. State approval is based primarily upon financial stability and professional operation. Several institutions in the country have successfully by-passed State regulations by declaring themselves religious institutions or churches. While State approval is required for non-religious institutions, there are several programs operating in the United States without proper approval by their State governing body. These schools, operating illegally, are much less professionally run. Because of limited oversight, these schools continue to operate. The National Association has not taken any action against these schools.

Development of Ayurvedic Associations
The National Ayurvedic Medical Association is the major body in the United States representing the Ayurvedic profession. A non-profit association, it was founded in 1998 by four individuals: Dr. Marc Halpern, of the California College of Ayurveda, Wynn Werner, of the Ayurvedic Institute, Kumar Batra, and Cynthia Copple. The National Association represents the interests of Ayurvedic practitioners while trying to advance the Ayurvedic profession. The Association has held annual conferences attracting 150- 250 practitioners each of the past three years. The Association's most important accomplishment to date has been the establishment of minimum practitioner standards.
The California Association of Ayurvedic Medicine is the only established Ayurvedic State Association in the United States . A non-profit association, it was founded by Dr. Marc Halpern along with his graduate students in 1997. Dr. Halpern left the board in 2001. The organization has held several State conferences attracting 75-300 practitioners. The State Association has been minimally active in recent years owing to political infighting. The Association has adopted the National Association's guidelines for practitioner training.

Regulation of Ayurveda in the United States of America
There is no significant regulation of Ayurvedic practice or education in America . Schools in most states must apply for a State license or State approval to provide education. Several states do not have this requirement. The practice of Ayurveda is not formally regulated either. None of the fifty states require a license to practice Ayurvedic health care. Ayurvedic massage is regulated through the massage laws of most states. In two states ( Minnesota and California ) specific laws were passed protecting the practice of alternative medicine and the practitioners who provide those services. The practice of Ayurveda is protected within these laws so long as the practice falls within the limitations of the law and does not impinge on the scope of practice of other licensed health care professions.

Scope of Practice and Other Issues of Practice
Having no formal scope of practice defined through legislation, the practice of Ayurveda is defined more by what can not be done than by what can be legally practiced. While the laws in each State vary, there are many commonalities to these laws that restrict the practice of Ayurveda, the medical practice acts established in each state being the most significant. The following is a list of actions that, in this author's opinion, are generally considered illegal in the United States .
• Practitioners can not call themselves a Doctor even if possessing a doctorate degree from India or a PhD. degree in the United States . The use of the title “Doctor” is restricted to licensed physicians of Medicine, Osteopathy, Chiropractic or Naturopathy. While this is true in a clinical setting, those possessing a doctorate degree of any kind may be referred to as “Doctors” in an academic setting and may also place the title doctor in front of their name on books and published papers.
• Practitioners may not diagnose medical disease. A practitioner can not act in the capacity of a licensed health care physician and provide a diagnosis of a disease using common Western medical terminology. This does not mean, however, that a practitioner can not use their Classical Ayurvedic understanding of disease to come to an understanding of a patient's condition. Hence, a practitioner of Ayurveda may declare that a patient is suffering from a vitiation of pachaka pitta in the rasa dhatu of the annavaha srota but may not declare that the patient is suffering from hyperacidity or an ulcer, or the Sanskrit equivalents: Urdvarga Amlapitta and Grahani.
• Practitioners can not interfere with the prescriptions or recommendations made by a licensed physician. A practitioner who tells a patient not to take their medications is considered practicing medicine without a license.
• Practitioners can not invade the body or perform any other procedure that penetrates the skin or any orifice of the body. This places the practice of nasya and bastii in jeopardy. Even simple surgical procedures may not be performed nor may acupuncture.

The Ability of Indian Trained Ayurvedic Practitioners to Practice in the United States
Indian trained Ayurvedic physicians who come to the United States on a work visa or through immigration may practice Ayurveda within the allowable scope as defined above. However, they may not use the title “Doctor” and the title may not be implied in any clinical setting. Should a physician trained in a foreign country practice as such, they place themselves in jeopardy of legal actions including deportation (if a non-citizen) or imprisonment (if a citizen).

Cultivating an Ayurvedic Profession Within the United States
There are several diverging viewpoints on this subject. One states that Ayurveda should be a subspecialty of allopathic medicine. In this scenario education and the ability to practice would only be available to medical doctors and other licensed health care physicians.
The other view is that the Ayurvedic profession should remain independent and grow on its own, training its own practitioners. Separate schools would train Ayurvedic practitioners who would practice either independently or in a complementary/integrated manner with allopathy. As the director of the California College of Ayurveda, I have supported the independent profession viewpoint. This view is consistent with the models established by the Acupuncture, Chiropractic and Naturopathy professions in the U.S.A.
Divergent points of view also exist as to the long-term scope of practice to be pursued in the United States . There are some with the viewpoint that Ayurveda should be practiced as it is in India and that education should follow a similar model. There are others who believe that, due to certain entrenched restrictions on the practice of Medicine in the United States , it would be impossible to develop Ayurveda in the United States along such integrated lines. Hence, a new model of clinical education is required that better fits the Western environment. Still, there are others who feel that the practice of Ayurveda should be restricted to lifestyle management only and should not enter into the realm of disease management.
It has been the position of the California College of Ayurveda to pursue a Clinical model of training and practice that develops practitioners who can work within the restrictions imposed by US laws but still practice most of the classically recommended natural practices and procedures for the purpose of serving humanity. The California College of Ayurveda has pioneered Western clinical Ayurvedic education since its inception in 1995 and has expanded this model as the school and profession has grown.
Which model of Ayurvedic education becomes established in the United States will depend upon the actions of the National and State Associations, schools and activists within the country and abroad.
While the infrastructure of the Ayurvedic profession in the United States has developed and improved over the past ten years, greater infrastructure is still needed. Absent is a serious body that regulates schools in the United States . The profession is in need of an accreditation agency that regulates and unifies the actions of schools so that graduates of all schools have similar education, training and competency.

The Role of India and the Future of Ayurveda in the United States
While Ayurveda in the United States grows according to its own course, the role of India is crucial in the development of Ayurveda abroad. Actions taken that support, nourish and strengthen (Brimhana Chikitsa) the profession in America are needed. Nourishing actions include teacher and information exchanges.
Unfortunately, the actions of some highly motivated physicians from India have been less than supportive. Rather than providing nourishing support, their actions have attempted to purify Ayurveda (langhana chikitsa) in the United States by attempting to undermine the actions of individuals who are working to build a profession that fits within the Western paradigm. These Indian physicians promote an indo-centric philosophy whereby they can only see or accept Ayurvedic practitioners who are trained and practice exactly as they are and do in India . While the Indian model of Ayurvedic education and practice is the historical standard, it has evolved in India based more on politics and culture than on classical scripture. With a different culture and political landscape in the United States , it is natural that Ayurveda will evolve differently in this country. What is important is that the practice of Ayurveda remain true to its classical body-mind-spirit paradigm. It is the philosophical and spiritual (not religious) constructs that separate Ayurveda from any other system of medicine in the World and it is this that must be preserved above all else.

Conclusion
The Ayurvedic profession is growing steadily in the United States of America . Educational institutions are becoming more established and the Associations are working to give the profession a voice and address regulation issues. Ayurveda is likely to continue to grow in America and take its place among the other licensed health care professions.