PHYTOCHEMICAL SCRENING OF Calendula officinalis LEAVES

ABSTRACT

Calendula officinalis is a plant which possess many pharmacological actions like Stomach upset, Ulcers, Menstrual Period Problems, Eye Infections, Inflammations, wound Healing, Anti-Septic. most widely it is used as if the leaves of that plant rubes on the affected part where the bleeding is occurred, it relives from pain & it immediately stop bleeding. In all this disease the plant is used as a medicine, but actually the active ingredients present in the leave acts as the reliever, so it is necessary to find out what the molecule is present in that plant. For that the first step is to perform the phytochemical test of that plant. In our present study we perform a phytochemical screening of Calendula officinalis.

A REVIEW ON DIFFERENT PHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCES OF NISHINDA (VITEXNIGUNDO)

ABSTRACT

Ayurvedic plants have shown their effects on various kind of diseases. Those properties of the plants are sublimed in some molecules in the plants, which can be extracted out by performing various kinds of processes (eg. Soxhlation, Percolation). World is running so first, at this moment medicines have to work to maintain the health of the people to give them power to stabilize them. Modern medicine is working from a decade or so, but many traditional systems of medicines also show some beneficial effects in that era. Likewise Kempo, Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), Ayurveda & Herbal Medicines. Those kinds of medicines can give a patient resistant to protect the disease without less side effects. Vitexnigundo is a plant which plays a commendable role in that era. It is used in different kind of diseases which are described in this mini review.

Pharmaceutics, ethnopharmacology, chemistry and pharmacology of ayurvedic marine drugs: A review

ABSTRACT

Ayurveda is the ancient thought and treatise that deals with the knowledge of living a healthy life. There are several types of medicaments that are being used in the Ayurvedic mode of treatment. The source of these drugs is diverse and belongs to different category. The category ranges from plants and animals to minerals, and encircles around different types of species of plants and animals with vivid habitats. In the course of last thirty years, marine organisms have been proven to be a rich source of wide range of worthy compounds for medicine. In Ayurveda there is a wide range of marine drugs like Mukta, Varatika, Praval, Agnijvar, Samudra phena, etc that are useful in the management of numerous diseases like paralysis, hyperacidity, cancer, dyspepsia, eye diseases, etc. This review makes a humble effort to summarize and gather knowledge about different types of marine drugs that are described and explained in Ayurvedic system of medicine, its traditional processing and chemistry, ethno pharmacology and pharmacological role.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR ESTIMATION OF PIPERINE IN POLYHERBAL LOZENGES BY UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD.

ABSTRACT

Polyherbal lozenges are immensely popular in today’s world, due to its highly palatable taste, cheap rate, soothing effect, counter-irritant effect, decreasing abdominal flatulence, and for treatment of anorexia. Herbs of Piper species are one of the most important ingredients of polyherbal lozenges and Piperine is the main chemical constituent of Piper species. In the present study an attempt was made for the estimation of piperine in ayurvedic lozenges sample by using UV-spectrophotometer. Three samples of lozenges from different brands have been selected for this purpose. The amount of piperine in each lozenge of all the three samples (S-1, S-2, and S-3) was found to be 3.1 μg, 2.7 μg and 2.8 μg respectively. Recovery studies were carried out by standard addition method and the average % recovery of the three samples S-1, S-2, S-3 were found to be 98.62%, 99.32%, and 98.35% respectively.

Hydration-dehydration treatments for the maintenance of germinability and better seedling emergence of fresh and old Basil (Ocimum sanctumL.) seed

ABSTRACT

Hydration-dehydration treatments in two months (medium vigour) and seven months (medium to low vigour) old basil(Ocimumsnactum L.) seedswere given for the improvement of storability and field emergenceafter subsequent storage. Hydration-dehydration treatments were given with distilled water and different solutions (ascorbic acid - 100ppm & 250 ppm, KNO3- 100ppm & 250 ppm, Acetyl salicylic acid – 100ppm & 250 ppm and para-Amino benzoic acid (PABA) – 100 ppm & 250 ppm). Few treatments were significantlyeffective over control for the maintenance of seed germinability and field emergence. Particularly basil seed hydration – dehydration with ascorbic acid - 100ppm,KNO3- 250 ppm and acetyl salicylic acid - 100ppm solutions showed very effective results for the maintenance of vigour and viability of basil seed.

Pharmacological Properties of Aegle Marmelos: A Mini Review

ABSTRACT 

Ayurvedic plants have shown their effects on various kind of diseases. Those properties of the plants are sublimed in some molecules in the plants, which can be extracted out by performing various kind of processes (eg. Soxhlation, Percolation). Many plants which are used by the human being in daily life, also have some effects in curing some disease conditions. Likewise in our current review Aegle marmelos (Beal) have Antidiarrhoeal, Antidiabetic activities etc. Many Pharmacological Activities have been revealed & organized in this review article, but there have a wide scope of research to perform on this plant.

COMPARATIVE ESTIMATION OF PIPERINE IN AYURVEDIC LOZENGES BY UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD.

ISBN: 978-81-85694-67-2

Abstract

Ayurvedic lozenges are immensely popular in today’s world, because due to its highly palatable taste, cheap, soothing effect, counter-irritant effect, decreasing abdominal flatulence, and treating Anorexia. Herbs of Piper species are one of the most important ingredients of Ayurvedic lozenges and Piperine is the main chemical constituent of herbs of Piper species. In the present study an attempt was made for the estimation of piperine in ayurvedic lozenges sample by using UV-spectrophotometer. Three samples of lozenges from different reputed brand have been selected for this purpose. The amount of piperine in three samples (S-1, S-2, and S-3) was found to be 1.55, 1.36 and 1.40 µg/ml respectively. Recovery studies were carried out by standard addition method and the average % recovery of the three samples S-1, S-2, S-3 were found to be 98.62%, 99.32%, and 98.35% respectively.

Introduction

Lozenges are small, medicated candy intended to be dissolved slowly in the mouth to lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat and also have carminative effect. Several ayurvedic companies come forward in today’s FMCG field to market throat lozenges, and carminative digestive lozenges. Trikatu^[1-3] is an important ayurvedic formulation, which have synergistic effect, and is used in several classical anti-tussive, expectorant^[2] preparation and also to fight, acidity^[3] and anorexia. Trikatu consists of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis^[4]. Piperine is an important heterocyclic alkaloid of pyridine and piperidine skeletal structures ^[4] found in the herbs of Piper species. These herbs enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes--superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in both gastric and intestinal mucosa, suggesting a gastrointestinal protective role which is the main responsible factor for the therapeutic effect of these ayurvedic lozenges. Apart from the classical use, recent study has proved that Piperine have antidepressant activity ^[5-6], anti-inflammatory activity^[7], gastro protective effect^[8-9], immune-modulator effect^[10], bioavailability enhancer^[11] etc. Hence the amount of piperine in this type of lozenges may be a parameter, to determine the quality of ayurvedic lozenges. In the present study a comparative evaluation of the three most popular branded ayurvedic lozenges on the basis of Piperine content.

MOLECULAR Wt	285.342
MOLECULAR FORMULA-	C17H19NO3

Materials and methods

Gift sample of Piperine standard was taken from Merck chemicals, India. Ayurvedic lozenges from three different brands were collected from local vendor, and named them as S-1, S-2 and S-3. UV absorbance was recorded using “Varian UV- Spectrophotometer” with Carry-100 software.

Preparation of standard solution for calibration curve of ciprofloxacin

Stock solution of Piperine was prepared by dissolving 0.01gram in 10 ml of methanol. Standard solutions were prepared from stock solution in the range of 2 to 20 µg/ml in methanol. The absorbance of piperine was measured at 342 nm (λ_max for piperine) against water as blank. Mean of three readings were taken for each standard solutions. Calibration curve was plotted between absorbance and concentration. 

Table1: Standard curve of Piperine

Standard	Conc. (µg/ml)	Mean*	SD	%RSD
Std. 1	0.0	0.0005	0.0007	>100
Std. 2	2.0	0.1150	0.0003	0.26
Std. 3	4.0	0.2375	0.0006	0.24
Std. 4	8.0	0.5258	0.0007	0.13
Std. 5	12.0	0.8425	0.0000	0.00
Std. 6	16.0	1.1795	0.0004	0.03
Std. 7	20.0	1.5454	0.0006	0.04

   *Value expressed as mean of three readings

Preparation of sample solution

Five lozenges of S-1 were taken in a mortar and pestle, and powdered. The powdered sample was dissolved in the water q.s, and then chloroform is added to the water containing the dissolved sample. The bi-phasic mixture is then taken in a separating funnel and slowly shaken. The chloroform part which contains piperine is separated out, the chloroform is evaporated in water bath, and TLC is carried out with the piperine extract, for its conformation, with the application of standard Piperine spot, on the same plate. Then methanol is added to the piperine extract, and the solution is diluted. The mobile phase is made up of chloroform and methanol in the ratio of (95:5), the absorbance of sample solutions was measured at 342 nm against methanol as blank. Mean of three readings were taken for each sample solutions, the process was repeated with the sample, S-2 and S-3.   

   

Sample	Conc. (µg/ml)*	SD	%RSD
S1	1.55	0.0003	0.24
S2	1.36	0.0002	0.19
S3	1.40	0.0002	0.21

Results and discussion.

This method involves the measurement of UV absorbance at 342 nm for piperine corresponding to the absorption maxima. The absorbance characteristics showed that piperine obeys Beer’s Lambert law within the concentration range from 2-20 µg/ml at the λ_max 342 nm. Calibration equation for this method was found to be Abs = 0.07733*Concentration, with Correlation Coefficient is of 0.99569.                                                               

Recovery Studies were carried out by standard addition method & the average % recovery of the four samples S1, S2 and S3 were found to be 98.62%, 99.32% and 98.35 % respectively. Results obtain from the recovery study indicating the accuracy & the precision of the method.

Conclusion

The developed method was found to be accurate & simple. We came to know that all the three samples of lozenges from different manufacturers contains considerably amount of piperine, and thus they bear the necessary quality, for therapeutic efficacy.

References

1. Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhisagratna. Susruta Samhita , 38/58-19, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. Third Edition. 2005

2. K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Bhavaprakasa of Bhavamisra . Chowkhamba Sanskrit Office.

3. S. Suresh Babu .Yoga Ratnākara. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. Third Edition

4.Trease & Evans. Pharmacognosy. Elsevier publication.Fifteenth edition, p 335

5. Pal A, Nayak S, Sahu PK, Swain. Piperine protects epilepsy associated depression. A study on role of monoamines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15(11):1288-95

6. Mao QQ, Huang Z, Ip SP, Xian YF, Che CT. Role of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine in the forced swim test. Neurosci Lett. 2011;504(2):181-4.

7. Sabina EP, Nagar S, Rasool. M.A role of piperine on monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation--an experimental model of gouty arthritis.Inflammation 2011 Jun;34(3):184-92.

8. Prakash UN, Srinivasan K. Gastrointestinal protective effect of dietary spices during ethanol-induced oxidant stress in experimental rats.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010 Apr;35(2):134-41

9.Ramakrishna Rao R, Platel K, Srinivasan K. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Nahrung 2003 Dec;47(6):408-12.

10.Pathak N, Khandelwal S. Immunomodulatory role of piperine in cadmium induced thymic atrophy and splenomegaly in mice.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol  2009 Jul;28(1):52-60

11.Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J. Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther; 232(1): 258–62.